Gastrointestinal Hormones

Advances in Metabolic Disorders, Volume 11: Gastrointestinal Hormones covers the developments in the study of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. The book discusses the cytochemical techniques in work with GI hormones; the general aspects and problems for the radioimmunoassays of GI hormones in the 80s; and the response of the GI hormone system to the pathological changes. The text also describes the evolutional aspects of GI hormones; the cell membrane receptors for secretagogues on pancreatic acinar cells; and the synthesis of GI hormones using organic chemical or recombinant DNA techniques. Gastrin is reviewed with regard to its forms and fragments in tissues, circulating components during post- and perisecretory processing, cellular origins and distribution, actions and structure-function relations, metabolic disposal, nervous and chemical control for its release, and its role in human pathology. The book further tackles the chemical, anatomical, and biological studies on gastrin-releasing peptides, as well as the physiological actions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Discussions about the vasoactive intestinal peptide, incretin, enteroglucagon, neuropeptide Y, peptide HI, galanin, cholecystokinin-58, neuropeptide K, peptide YY, motilin, somatostatin-28, neurotensin, substance P, and opioid peptides are also encompassed. The text concludes by looking into the investigations on the structure and function of the head activator in hydra and in mammals. Molecular biologists, endocrinologists, histochemists, physiologists, and those involved in the research about GI hormones will find the book invaluable.

Introduction Discussion ReferencesCytochemical Techniques in Work with Gastrointestinal Hormones I. Introduction II. Cytochemical Methods and the Concept of the Gut as an Endocrine Organ III. Electron Microscopy IV. Immunocytochemistry V. Gastrointestinal Hormone-Producing Cells VI. General Markers for Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells VII. New Technology VIII. Conclusions ReferencesRadioìmmunoassay Problems for Gut Hormones in the Eighties I. Introduction II. Structural Premises for the Assay of Gut Hormones III. General Strategy for Measurement of Gut Hormones IV. Production of Antibodies V. Evaluation of Antisera VI. Preparation of Tracers VII. Separation Techniques VIII. Sequence-Specific Radioimmunoassays ReferencesGastrointestinal Hormones in Disease I. Introduction II. Effects of Age and Obesity III. Gastric Pathology IV. Intestinal Surgery V. Diseases Resulting in Malabsorption VI. Inflammation VII. Abnormalities of the Enteric Neural System VIII. Conclusions ReferencesEvolutionary Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones I. Introduction II. Methodological Approaches III. Gut Peptides in Nerves and Elsewhere IV. Hormonal Families V. Overview ReferencesCell Membrane Receptors for Secretagogues on Pancreatic Acinar Cells I. Introduction II. Receptors for Secretagogues that Cause Mobilization of Cellular Calcium III. Receptors for Secretagogues that Increase Cellular Cyclic AMP ReferencesSynthesis of Gastrointestinal Hormones Using Organic Chemical or Recombinant DNA Techniques I. Introduction II. Synthetic Replicates of Gastrointestinal Hormones III. Synthesis of Peptides Based on the Amino Acid Sequences Deduced from Hormone Precursor Structures IV. Immunochemical Studies on Gastrointestinal Hormones Using Synthetic Replicates, Fragments, and Analogs V. Structure-Activity Study VI. Synthesis of Gastrointestinal Hormones by Recombinant DNA Techniques ReferencesGastrin I. Forms and Fragments of Gastrin in Tissues II. Circulating Components: Post- and Perisecretory Processing III. Cellular Origins and Distribution IV. Actions of Gastrin V. Structure-Function Relations VI. Metabolic Disposal of Gastrin VII. Nervous and Chemical Control of Gastrin Release VIII. Gastrin in Human Pathology ReferencesThe Gastrin-Releasing Polypeptide (GRP) I. Introduction II. Chemical Studies III. Anatomical Studies IV. Biological Studies V. Summary ReferencesSecretin and Cholecystokinin I. Secretin II. Cholecystokinin III. Conclusions ReferencesGastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) I. Isolation and Structure of GIP II. Cellular Localization III. Secretion of IR-GRP IV. Obesity V. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes VI. Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes VII. Physiological Actions of GIP ReferencesThe Incretin Concept I. The Enteroinsular Axis and Its Neural Components II. Definition of Incretin III. The Incretin Candidates IV. GIP Response in Malassimilation Syndromes V. GIP Response to Oral Fat VI. Insulinotropic Effects of GIP VII. GIP in Diabetes Mellitus Vili. GIP Secretion in Obesity IX. Quantification of Incretin X. Evidence for Further Incretins XI. Significance of Altered Hepatic Insulin Extraction XII. Conclusion ReferencesVasoactive Intestinal Peptide I. Discovery and Isolation from Intestine II. Rediscovery as a Neuropeptide III. Distribution and Localization IV. Chemical Structure and the Family of Related Peptides V. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology VI. Chemical Synthesis VII. Structural Variants in the Animal Kingdom VIII. Biological Actions IX. Mechanism of Action X. Release XI. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism XII.