Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine

Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine discusses both the fundamentals and the developments of important instruments used in nuclear medicine. Both theoretical and experimental aspects of the field are presented together, with specific information on its applications. The book is divided into four parts. Part I deals with the fundamental concepts such as radioisotopes and labeled compounds; the establishment and maintenance of a radioisotope laboratory; and basic considerations in nuclear instrumentation. Part II covers topics such as Geiger-Muller and proportional counters, semiconductor detectors, and other systems for data accumulation and presentation. Part III concerns itself with measurements of biological samples, preparation of samples for liquid scintillation counting and involved equipment, and radiochromatographic counting techniques. Part IV tackles radioisotope measurements in vivo such as thyroid radioiodine uptake measurements, single and multiple detector systems for whole-body counting, and large organic scintillation detectors. The text is recommended for medical technologists and radiologists who would like to know more about the fundamentals, applications, and advances in the instrumentation involved in nuclear medicine.

List of ContributorsForewordPrefacePart I. Fundamental Concepts Chapter 1. Radioisotopes and Labeled Compounds I. Radiopharmaceutical Agents in Nuclear Medicine II. Iodinated Compounds III. Chromium IV. Iron V. Phosphorus VI. Colloids: Gold-198 and Chromic Phosphate-32P VII. Mercury VIII. Selenium IX. Cobalt References Chapter 2. The Radioisotope Laboratory in the General Hospital I. Establishment of a Radioisotope Laboratory II. Starting and Maintaining a Radioisotope Laboratory III. Records and Economics of the Radioisotope Laboratory IV. Frequently Performed Diagnostic Procedures Supplementary Readings Chapter 3. Basic Considerations in Nuclear Instrumentation I. Statistics of Radioisotope Measurements II. Radiation Detectors III. Recording Instruments IV. Selection of EquipmentPart II. Systems for Radiation Analysis Chapter 4. Geiger-Muller and Proportional Counters I. Counter Characteristics II. Absorption of ß Rays and Detection Efficiency for ß Rays and Photons III. Counter Systems and Applications References Chapter 5. Semiconductor Detectors I. Detection Mechanism of Semiconductor Detectors II. Detector Performance III. Medical and Biological Applications References Chapter 6. Sodium Iodine Scintillators I. Scintillation Characteristics II. Growth of Single Nal(Tl) Crystals III. Sodium Iodide as a --Ray Detector IV. --Ray Spectroscopy References Chapter 7. Systems for Data Accumulation and Presentation I. Preamplifiers II. Amplifiers III. Pulse-Height Analyzers IV. High-Voltage Power Supplies V. Pulse Storage VI. Data Processing References Chapter 8. Radiation Safety Instruments I. Dose-Rate Monitors and Survey Meters II. Integrated Dose Indicators III. Calibration of Instruments ReferencesPart III. Measurements of Biological Samples Chapter 9. Preparation of Samples for Liquid Scintillation Counting I. Scintillators II. Solvents III. Counting Solutions IV. Quenching V. Solubilizing Agents VI. Measurement of 14CO2 VII. Combustion and Oxidation VIII. Suspension Counting IX. Counting Activity on Paper X. Suspended Scintillators XI. Measurement of Inorganic Elements XII. Measurement of ß,--Ray Emitters XIII. Double-Label Counting XIV. Triple-Label Counting References Chapter 10. Liquid Scintillation Counting Equipment I. Light Conversion II. Electronic Circuitry III. Sample Counting IV. Automation and Data Handling References Chapter 11. Radiochromatographic Counting Techniques I. Types of Chromatographic Techniques II. Paper and Thin-Layer Radiochromatography III. Gas and Liquid Chromatography IV. Electronic and Recording Systems References Chapter 12. --Ray Sample Counting I. Sodium Iodide Well-Counters II. Counters for Large Sample Volumes III. Double Tracer Techniques IV. Automation of Sample Counting References Chapter 13. Nuclear Activation Analysis I. Sample Preparation II. Activation Sensitivity III. Methods of Analysis IV. Clinical and Biological Applications Supplementary ReadingsPart IV. Radioisotope Measurements In Vivo Chapter 14. Tyroid Radioiodine Uptake Measurements I. Recommendations and Comments of Consultants for the International Atomic Energy Agency II. Single-Detector Instruments III.