Learning and Comprehension of Text

Originally published in 1984, Learning and Comprehension of Text was the outcome of a conference held in West Germany in 1981. The main goal of the conference was to promote scientific exchange between educators, cognitive scientists, linguists, and psychologists who were investigating the acquisition of information from written forms of discourse. A second goal was to promote communication about such work between German and American investigators. The chapters are arranged into three main sections. The first part includes chapters that examine some aspect of text structure or knowledge, which has been acquired about the text. Here studies are reported on how different organizations of a text affect how and what people read and remember. Also, an analysis is proposed to illustrate how a listener or reader might construct a coherent representation of a text and what types of knowledge a reader or listener acquires and uses to define a particular genre of discourse. In the second part, the chapters deal directly with the topic of learning from text. Learning is variously interpreted as change that occurs as a result of a system of processes, as a result of using one's prior knowledge about a specific domain, and as a result of using one's metacognitive knowledge about oneself as a learner of strategic skills. Also discussed is learning in the context of acquiring knowledge through training procedures for comprehending a text, including evaluative criteria for whether training is effective, especially where the learner is less skilled as a reader. In part three, the main themes are strategic skills and their effects on the processing of text. Various measure of such skills are explored via the use of eye-movement analysis, via inferences made during reading per se, or during active processing of connected discourse, as a result of questioning following the reading of text or by the limitations imposed by one's information processing capacity. Today it can be read in its historical context.

Prof. Dr. Heinz Mandl is Professor Emeritus of Educational Science and Educational Psychology at Ludwigs Maximilian University Munich (LMU). His academic career focused on learning and instruction, especially on knowledge acquisition from text and pictures, design of digital learning environments and net-based knowledge communication in groups, overall the gap between knowledge and action. After working as teacher, he studied psychology at LMU where he earned his doctorate. Afterwards he worked as assistant professor at University Augsburg and become full professor at University of Tübingen before he returned to LMU in 1990. He received the Oeuvre Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Science of Learning and Instruction from EARLI. In applied areas his research significantly influenced technology-enhanced learning and knowledge management. Nancy L. Stein was at the time of original publication based at the University of Chicago, USA. Tom Trabasso was at the time of original publication based at the University of Chicago, USA.

Preface. 1. Text Dimensions and Cognitive Processing Bonnie J. F. Meyer 2. Comparative Instructional Text Organization Wolfgang Schnotz 3. Causal Cohesion and Story Coherence Tom Trabasso, Tom Secco and Paul Van Den Broek 4. The Concept of a Story: A Comparison Between Children's and Teachers' Viewpoints Nancy L. Stein and Margaret Policastro 5. Learning to Read Versus Reading to Learn: A Discourse- Processing Approach Robert de Beaugrande 6. On Learning and Learning from Text James F. Voss 7. Learner, Text Variables, and the Control of Text Comprehension and Recall Peter Michael Fischer and Heinz Mandl 8. Instructing Comprehension-Fostering Activities in Interactive Learning Situations Ann L. Brown, Annemarie Sullivan Palinscar and Bonnie B. Armbruster 9. An Analysis of the Outcomes and Implications of Intervention Research Joseph C. Campione and Bonnie B. Armbruster 10. Reading Skills and Skilled Reading in the Comprehension of Text Marcel Adam Just and Patricia A. Carpenter 11. Elaborations: Assessment and Analysis Steffen-Peter Ballstaedt and Heinz Mandl 12. Memory Interactions During Question Answering Wendy G. Lehnert, Scott P. Robertson and John B. Black 13. Development of Strategies in Text Processing Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter 14. Information-Processing Demand of Text Composition Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia 15. Comprehending and Learning: Implications for a Cognitive Theory of Instruction Lauren B. Resnick. Author Index. Subject Index.