The Chemistry and Mechanism of Art Materials

Michael Malin received a BS from City College of New York and a Ph.D. from Rutgers (Biochemistry). This was followed by postdoctorals at Rutgers (Organic) and then Brandeis (Bio-organic). He taught chemistry at Western Connecticut State College/University (16 years) and at Sarah Lawrence College (2 years). He covered courses in general, organic and biochemistry. At SLC, he taught a course in the chemistry of art materials, and this book came out of that experience. When not teaching, he was employed by Technicon Instruments Corporation/Bayer Diagnostics for 23 years. His role was generally to solve stability problems related to both liquid reagent formulations and machine parts in the development of automated blood analyzers. The scope of these problems varied widely; from the instability of a photo-polymerizable acrylic adhesive to the erosion of alumina shear valves. When he left industry, he resumed thinking about art materials, and found common chemical/mechanistic themes relating to stability problems. Eventually, this book was the result. His hobbies include: international travel, playing double bass in jazz groups, salsa dancing and cycling.

Chapter 1 Essential Concepts Chemical Bonding, Solubility, Properties of Solids, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Oxidation-Reduction Chemical Reaction Mechanisms Experimental Methods Used to Characterize Works of Art Chapter 2 Preparation of Inorganic Pigments Introduction Black Pigments Antimony Black Carbon Blacks Cobalt Black Iron Oxide, Magnetite Manganese Black Blue Pigments Azurite Cerulean Blue Egyptian Blue Prussian Blue Smalt Ultramarine Verdigris Brown Pigments Iron (III) Oxide Pigments Lead Dioxide Green Pigments Chromium Oxide Hydrated Chromium Oxide, Viridian Malachite, see Azurite Paris Green Verdigris Red Pigments a-Cinnabar and Vermilion Red Lead Iron (III) Oxide, Hematite a-Realgar, see Orpiment Violet Pigments Pigment Violet 14 White Pigments Antimony White Barium White Lithopone Titanium White White Lead Zinc White Zinc Sulfide Yellow Pigments Bismuth Vanadate Cadmium Pigments Cobalt Yellow Iron (III) Oxide Lead Chromate Lead Tin Yellow type I Lead Tin Yellow type II Lead Monoxide, Litharge and Massicot Lead Tin Antimonate, Naples Yellow Orpiment Titanium Yellow Chapter 3 Silica, Silicates and Aluminosilicates Introduction Silica Silicates Pigment-Silicate Interactions Pottery Glazes Aluminosilicates Chapter 4 Discoloration Stories Introduction Smalt Red Lead Realgar Cinnabar Hematite Chrome Yellow Silverpoint Cadmium Yellow Blackening of Pigments by H2S Ultramarine Azurite and Malachite Medieval Pigments Chapter 5 Toxicology of Art Materials Introduction Organics Methylene Chloride Carbon Tetrachloride Trichloroethylene n-Hexane N-Methylpyrrolidone Diisocyanates Alcohols, Glycols and Glycol Ethers Mineral Spirits Inorganics Lead Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury Familial Properties Cadmium Mercury Silver Arsenic Chromium Chapter 6 Ageing of Oil Paint Oxidative Degradation of Oil Binder Metal Soap formation Chapter 7 Ageing of Wall Paintings Secco and Fresco methods Reversal of Sulfation Deposition of Water Soluble Salts Degradation of Oil Binder