Open Distributed Systems

Foreword A variety of technological advances have taken place since the early days of computer networking in the sixties and the present distributed systems of the nineties. The major concern of the past was the distribution of functions aimed at providing reliable and high perfomance data transmission facilities for different geographical spans, from local to global areas. Currently, the area of greatest interest appears to focus on that of distributed applications. M. Stonebraker's "Your company is distributed so should your data be" augurs this shift of focus towards a more complete coverage of distributed systems technology. One of the reasons that this process of technological advance required approxirnately thirty years was the relatively slow acceptance of the concept "Openness". Openness means, intuitively, that different components from different manufacturers produced by different groups are able to interact and cooperate with each other. It is clear that the need for Openness arose step by step with the consequence that the technological irnplications and concepts were developed in parallel with the need for using them. The work on "Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)" began in the late seventies (1977) under the sponsorship of the International Standardization Organization. Five years later the "Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI-RM)" was born. This framework for the development of standards covers data transport issues (up to Layer 4) as weIl as some application issues (File Transfer, etc.; up to Layer 7).

0 Introduction.- 0.1 Key topics of open distributed systems design.- 0.2 The role of standards.- 0.3 The need for formal descriptions.- 0.4 Distributed systems from the point of view of DAI.- 1 Formal methods in the system design process.- 1.1 A model for the system design process.- 1.2 Requirements for formal description techniques.- 1.3 Synthesis and analysis activities.- 2 Requirement specification of open distributed systems.- 2.1 Basic architectural concepts.- 2.2 System architectures.- 2.3 Refinement and abstraction.- 2.4 The Basic Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection.- 2.5 Basic concepts of formal description techniques.- 2.6 Some remarks.- 3 The design of a temporal logic for open distributed systems.- 3.1 Some requirements on expressiveness.- 3.2 A survey of temporal logics.- 3.3 A modular temporal logic for open distributed systems.- 4 The interaction point concept.- 4.1 The role of interaction points.- 4.2 A list of possible interaction point properties.- 4.3 Formal specification of interaction point properties.- 4.4 Formal reasoning about interaction points.- 4.5 Interaction point representations in operational FDTs.- 4.6 Conformance between abstraction levels via the interaction point concept.- 5 Communication services.- 5.1 The service concept.- 5.2 Design methodology.- 5.3 Example "modified InRes service".- 5.4 Conclusion.- 6 An epistemic logic for open distributed systems.- 6.1 The role of knowledge.- 6.2 Notions of knowledge.- 6.3 A modular epistemic logic for open distributed systems.- 7 Applying temporal epistemic logics to open distributed systems.- 7.1 Example "mutual exclusion".- 7.2 Example "drink server".- 8 Conclusion.- References.- A.1 Theorems and valid formulas.- A.2 Ordering properties for the service provider.- A.3Abbreviations.- A.4 Notation.