Tough Standard

Men are commonly expected to act "masculine" (e.g., self-sufficient, stoic, strong, dependable, brave, tough, and hard-working) while avoiding stereotypically "feminine" traits (e.g., emotional expressivity, empathy, and nurturance). Few, however, realize that these qualities--when taken to the extreme--can cause emotional constriction, substance abuse, depression, aggression, and violence in many men. Further, even though most men are not violent, decades of research has shown that masculinity is distinctly related to sexual and gun violence and men's poorer health. Considering how girls and women have benefitted from decades of conversations on navigation of their gender in a changing world, similar processes are urgently needed for boys and men. The Tough Standard connects the dots between masculinity and the present moment in American culture (defined by high-profile movements such as Me Too, March for Our Lives, and Black Lives Matter), synthesizes over four decades of research in the psychology of men and masculinities, and proposes solutions to corresponding social problems.

Ronald F. Levant, EdD, ABPP, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at The University of Akron; Past President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 51; and two-term Editor of APA Division 51's quarterly journal, Psychology of Men & Masculinities. He has developed and evaluated a number of measures designed to assess a variety of gender constructs. Dr. Levant's signature contribution has been in establishing the empirical foundation for the "Normative Male Alexithymia" hypothesis. In addition, he developed Alexithymia Reduction Treatment (ART), a brief psychoeducational intervention designed to remediate normative male alexithymia in order to prepare men to engage more fully in psychotherapy. Shana Pryor, MA, is a doctoral student of Counseling Psychology at The University of Akron. She has spent the majority of her career focusing on issues surrounding men, masculinity, and sexual trauma.

- Chapter 1. Masculinity and the Present Cultural Moment - Chapter 2. Theories of Gender and How Masculinity is Measured - Chapter 3. Consequences of Socializing Boys and Requiring Men to Conform to Traditional Masculine Norms - Chapter 4. Summaries of Research on the Outcomes of Endorsing or Conforming to Traditional Masculine Norms or Experiencing Gender Role Conflict - Chapter 5. The Role of Masculinity in Gun and Other Physical Violence - Chapter 6. Masculinity and Sexual Violence - Chapter 7. Masculinity and Men's Physical and Mental Health and Trauma - Chapter 8. Many Masculinities: The Intersectional Perspective - Chapter 9. Paths to Freedom - Coda