The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy

Frieder Dünkel is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Criminology at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Stefan Harrendorf is Professor of Criminology, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Comparative Criminal Law and Justice at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor Emeritus of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham, UK, and Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

1. Introduction Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf and Dirk van Zyl Smit National chapters 2. Australia Lorana Bartels, Thalia Anthony, Felicity Gerry, Andreea Lachsz and Steven Caruana 3. Austria Walter Hammerschick and Karin Bruckmüller 4. Belgium Olivia Nederlandt, An-Sofie Vanhouche and Kristel Beyens 5. Brazil Ellen Rodrigues and Eduardo Khoury 6. Canada Sandra Bucerius, Rosemary Ricciardelli and Luca Berardi 7. Chile Alvaro Castro Morales, Guillermo Sanhueza, Julio Cortéz and Violeta Puran 8. China Spencer Li 9. Colombia, Bolivia, Perú, Argentina Cesar Valderrama and Juan Hernandez 10. Costa Rica Carlos Tiffer-Sotomayor and Paola Tiffer Hangen 11. Croatia Maja Munivrana Vajda and Elizabeta Ivi-evi- Karas 12. Czech Republic Helena Válková and Jana Hulmáková 13. Denmark Anette Storgaard and Linda Kjaer Minke 14. England/Wales Catherine Heard and Nicola Padfield 15. Estonia Priit Kama and Anneli Soo 16. Finland Tapio Lappi-Seppälä 17. France Martine Herzog-Evans 18. Germany Frieder Dünkel and Christine Morgenstern 19. Greece Maria Anagnostaki 20. Hungary Zsuzsanna Juhász 21. India Madhurima Dhanuka 22. Ireland (including Northern Ireland) Ciara O'Connell, Mary Rogan, Michelle Martyn and Shadd Maruna 23. Italy Lorenzo Picotti and Luisa Ravagnani 24. Japan Kenji Takeuchi and Akinori Otani 25. Kenya Mercy Deche, Conrad Bosire and Sarah Kinyanjui 26. Latvia Ilona Kronberga 27. Lithuania Gintautas Sakalauskas 28. Netherlands Jolande uit Beijerse and Miranda Boone 29. New Zealand Alice Mills 30. North Macedonia Gordana Lažetic and Elena Mujoska-Trpevska 31. Norway Berit Johnsen 32. Poland Barbara Städo-Kawecka 33. Portugal Anabela Miranda Rodriguez and Inês Horta Pinto 34. Romania Ioan Durnescu and Ioana Mihaela Morar 35. Russia Sergey Ovchinnikov 36. Scotland Hannah Graham and Katrina Morrison 37. Serbia Milan Skuli- 38. Slovakia Miroslava Vráblová 39. Slovenia Danijela Mrhar Preli- and Robert Friškovec 40. South Africa Lukas Muntingh 41. Spain Josep Cid, Laura Negredo López and Carles Soler 42. Sweden Lars Håkan Nilsson and Jenny Kärrholm 43. Switzerland Melanie Wegel and Jonas Weber 44. Turkey Galma Akdeniz and -dil Ayd-no-lu 45. USA James Byrne, Don Hummer, Sabrina S. Rapisarda and Kimberly R. Kras Comparative chapters 46. International prisoners and the pandemic - Seeking release, improved conditions and family contact before international criminal courts Roisin Mulgrew 47. International Human Rights and COVID-19 in prisons: Medical isolation and independent oversight Dirk van Zyl Smit, Roisin Mulgrew 48. Prison population rates before and during the pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 about over-incarceration and its consequences for health Catherine Heard 49. Summary analysis of the situation in prisons and prison policy during and after the SARS-CoV-2 induced crisis Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf, Dirk van Zyl Smit 50. What could we learn from COVID-19? - a reductionist and penal moderation approach Frieder Dünkel, Sonja Snacken