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If my booking a flight does not make a difference to the plane taking off and to climate change, what reason is there for me not to fly? If my small donation does not make a difference to what Doctors Without Borders can achieve, why should I donate? If my purchase of a factory-farmed chicken does not make a difference to how many chickens suffer and die, why not just buy it? These questions reflect a broader issue: the inefficacy problem, where individual actions seem insignificant in the face of collective harms. This is the first edited volume dedicated exclusively to the inefficacy problem. It examines existing solutions, explores new ones, and sets the stage for future developments in the debate. Featuring contributions from Julia Nefsky, Chrisoula Andreou, Carolina Sartorio, Mark Budolfson, and others, it offers a comprehensive look at this pressing issue. The volume addresses central questions in the debate. Some chapters define the problem, while others explore instrumental solutions, arguing that even if we cannot make a difference, we can still influence outcomes in meaningful ways. Additional chapters discuss non-instrumental solutions, maintaining that even when we are instrumentally insignificant, we can still be significant in some non-instrumental way (e.g., act from fairness or integrity). Finally, some chapters adopt a broader perspective on the debate, moving beyond the distinction between instrumental and non-instrumental reasons - for instance by drawing parallels between interpersonal and intrapersonal dilemmas. The Ethics of Inefficacy is an essential resource for researchers and graduate students in normative ethics, applied ethics, philosophy of responsibility, metaethics, metaphysics, epistemology, action theory, political philosophy, and philosophy of law.
Mattias Gunnemyr is a postdoctoral researcher in the Financial Ethics Research Group at the University of Gothenburg. His research focuses on collective harm, moral responsibility, ethical issues in finance, and the measurement of corporate and investor climate impact, as well as related questions of causality. Rutger van Oeveren is a Ph.D. student at Rutgers University. He has published work on moral responsibility and the ethics of inefficacy. Jan Willem Wieland is an Associate Professor of Ethics at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He specializes in collective action, shared responsibility, responsibility for climate change, and for historical injustice.
1. The Inefficacy Problem Mattias Gunnemyr, Rutger van Oeveren, and Jan Willem Wieland Part 1: Instrumental Solutions 2. Instrumental Solutions to the Inefficacy Problem Mattias Gunnemyr and Rutger van Oeveren 3. Why (In)efficacy Matters After All Joakim Sandberg 4. Continued Inefficacy Mark Budolfson 5. Is There an Inefficacy Problem? Zach Barnett 6. Normative Resilience and the Inefficacy Problem Henrik Andersson and Jakob Werkmäster 7. Threshold Contractualism Frank Hindriks 8. The Strength of Instrumental Reasons Mattias Gunnemyr 9. Instrumental Reasons for the Powerless Gunnar Björnsson 10. The Problem of Mixed Optimality Nikhil Venkatesh 11. The Structure of Outcome Responsibility Carolina Sartorio Part 2: Non-instrumental Solutions 12. Non-Instrumental Solutions to the Inefficacy Problem Jan Willem Wieland 13. Benevolence, Free Riding, and Efficacy Chrisoula Andreou 14. Kantian Imperfect Duties, Latitude, and Permissible Collective Harm Dmitry Ananiev 15. Wasted Effort and Universalization Jan Willem Wieland 16. Minimal Requirements of Beneficence for Collective Impact Problems Tijn Milan Smits 17. Contributing Enough: Acting in the Absence of a Relevant Difference Säde Hormio 18. Trading with Tyrants James Christensen Part 3: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Rationality 19. Two Types of Temptation Tessa Supèr 20. The Inefficacy Problem: The Emperor's New Clothes? Annalisa Costella 21. Rescuing Ourselves from the Pond Analogy Julia Nefsky and Sergio Tenenbaum 22. Lifestyle Politics Is Not Politics Holly Lawford-Smith and William Tuckwell
